2.Click Command-C to copy on a Mac, Control- On a PC and also create a new layer that you would like to copy the objects selected to.

3.Then click onto the designated layer you would like to assign the copied objects to.  It is always good also to lock any layers that are not in use as this will protect them from being altered or selected. Click command-F to paste it in place. PC, it’s Control-F.

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1. A “cheat sheet” of key commands for Adobe Photoshop for PC users Photoshop key commands This is a comprehensive guide to Photoshop...

Photoshop key commands

F (Cycle Screen Modes) — Switch between normal screen, full screen with task bar without title bar, and full screen with black background. Works great when used in conjunction with Tab to hide toolbars — maximum working space, no distractions.

X (Switch Colors) — Swap your foreground and background colors. Very handy when working with masks.

D (Default Colors) — Reset your foreground and background colors to black and white, respectively.

Ctrl + ‘+’/’-’ (Zoom In/Out) — Quickly zoom in or out without changing your current tool.

Alt + Mouse Scroll (Zoom In/Out) — Fastest way to zoom — scroll up to zoom in, and scroll down to zoom out.

Ctrl + Alt + Z (Step Back) — Ctrl + Z is OK if you catch a mistake immediately after it happens, but this command will continue to march its way up the history tree.

Ctrl + S (Save) — You should get in the habit of just hitting this combo on impulse about every 5 to 10 minutes. Also use Ctrl + Alt + Shift + S to bring up the save for web dialog.

Ctrl + Alt + Shift + N (New Layer No Dialog) — Quickly insert a new empty layer on top of the active layer. Get rid of the Alt key to bring up the new layer dialog for more options.

Shift + Click Mask (Enable/Disable Layer Mask) — When working with masks it’s typically done in small increments. Disabling the mask allows you to check the results of your masking against the original.

Alt + Click Mask (Toggle Mask Visibility) — Doing this will bring up the mask as a grayscale image so you can see what you’re working with. Useful if you have areas that need to be filled in or smoothed out.

Ctrl + Click Mask (Load Mask As Selection) — Selects the white part of the mask (grays are partially selected). Useful if you want to duplicate a mask or it’s inverse. Using Ctrl + Click on a layer without a mask will select the non-transparent pixels in that layer.

Ctrl + J (New Layer Via Copy) — Can be used to duplicate the active layer into a new layer. If a selection is made, this command will only copy the selected area into the new layer.

Caps Lock (Toggle Cross Hairs) — Switch between the standard tool icon and a set of precision cross hairs. Useful for spot-on selections.

Shift + Backspace (Fill Dialog) — Good time saver when working with masks. Also, use the Ctrl + Backspace to fill with background color and Alt + Backspace to fill with foreground color.

Ctrl + H (Hide Selection Lines) — When working with selections, use this command to hide the “marching ants” while keeping the selection.

Ctrl + I (Invert Selection) — Select the opposite of what is already selected. Also a good tool when working with mask creation.

Ctrl + D (Deselect) — After working with your selection, use this combo to discard it.

Side Note: When working with selections, they can be applied to a layer as a mask simply by adding a new layer mask using the little box-with-a-circle-inside icon at the bottom of the layer palette. This also works with adjustment layers by automatically applying the selection to the mask

Ctrl + G (Group Layers) — This command groups selected layers in the layer tree. Adding Shift to this combo will ungroup layers when the grouped layer is selected.

Ctrl + A (Select All) — Creates a selection around the entire canvas.

Ctrl + T (Free Transform) — Brings up the free transform tool for resizing, rotating, and skewing the image using a dragable outline.

Ctrl + E (Merge Layers) — Merges selected layer with the layer directly below it. If multiple layers are selected, only those will be merged.

Crtl + Shift + E (Merge Visible) — Merges all visible layers into one. Not recommended practice in typical photo editing because you’ll lose layer information.

Ctrl + Alt + E (Stamp Down) — Merges all selected layers into one new layer. Add the Shift modifier to this combo and you’ll get a new layer containing a merged representation of all visible layers (handy for sharpening adjustments)

Ctrl + Alt + Shift + R (Rotate Arbitrary Dialog) — bring up the rotate dialog to straighten out your horizon… but it’s not typically used since we all take perfect photos, right?

Side Note: Adobe Camera Raw (ACR) has the ability to straighten photos before they ever make it into Photoshop. When straightening, you draw a line you’d like as your horizontal and ACR will take care of the rotation and crop for you.

CTRL + ALT + DEL (Kill Photoshop) — Quite useful when Photoshop takes your computer hostage. Must have used the Ctrl + S command prior to the hostile takeover in order to prevent mental breakdown.

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If you are serious about competing online in the 21st century, you’ll need to know exactly what SEO is, and how to properly integrate such techniques into your website design. Search engine optimization is simply the art (and it is an art form, believe it or not) of creating web content in a way that will make it easy to find in today’s major search engines, which now consist of millions of websites. With all of this competition, how can you make sure that your website gets noticed?

The repetition of certain keywords or key phrases. Repetition works, especially when it comes to search engine optimization. The relevancy of your content to the actual words or phrases that a user is searching for online determines exactly where your site will be placed within the search results, and obviously a higher spot on this list is going to get your site noticed more than a site that is at the bottom of the search results.

Avoid overusing your keywords and key phrases. Search engine’s are smart enough to know when keyword positioning does not make sense (keyword stuffing) and will penalize you for it. While it is important to repeat keywords several times, you will want to avoid using the exact same word or phrase too often. Besides the effect on your search engine positioning this will also clutter up your website, make it look generic, and ultimately turn users away from your site. Remember, the trick to proper search engine optimization is to provide your potential web users with genuine, high quality content that can be easily found, without having your material come off as being mass-produced or sounding like it was written by a robot.

Use additional or secondary keywords that are similar to your main keywords. Again, you’ll want to repeat these secondary keywords several times in any content you develop, but make sure that these additional words are still relevant to your original keywords and your web content in general. Sometimes, savvy SEO specialists may even include common misspellings of words in order to better maximize a website’s exposure.

Use alt tags on images whenever possible. Again, you’ll want to make sure to avoid overusing images, but placing pictures in strategic locations on your website can have an enormous impact on your site’s productivity. Considering a search engine is a computer system, and not an actual human reading through your website, it is important to give the search engine a description that references an images content. While indexing your websites content, a search engine will read alt tags and gather information / keywords for an image which they normally wouldn’t notice. Additionally, there are even some online search engines that specialize in locating websites through the images they use. In addition, make sure your images are named using keywords for the content they contain.

As you can probably tell by now, SEO can be quite overwhelming to the ordinary computer user – and this article only touches on the tip of the iceberg. But this is why the job of the SEO specialist has quickly become one of the most important and highly-desirable jobs in the computer/IT sector; and as even more websites are established on the World Wide Web, search engine optimization skills are only going to become even more crucial to the success of any website now and well into the future.

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1. With your image already open, (click) on the “Marquee Tool” from the side bar



2. Now (click) on “Select > All” from the File Menu (or just hit CTRL-A or APPLE-A).



3. Right click on the image (within the selected area) and choose “Transform Selection”. You will notice there will now be a circle in the middle of your selected area, that is the center of the image/layer.



4. Click (and hold) on the Ruler from the left side and drag the guide line to the center circle (it should snap to it). Then do the horizontal ruler (top).



5. You now have the “true” center of the image

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